Income and Expenditure

Global consumers are struggling with the cost of living crisis, as inflation remains high while household income growth lags. Consumers are adopting recessionary habits, such as trading down and being more selective in their spending. Rather than…

Ageing, urbanisation, migration, and the generational shift continue to shape Poland's demographic landscape. The number of seniors in Poland will notably increase through to 2040. The influence of Millennials on consumer preferences will solidify,…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. Global inflation is moderating, although volatility in the energy markets and faster consumption growth in China are among the key risks that could increase inflation.…

The Belgian population is expanding due to an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…

The French population is sustained by an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…

France will witness stagnant economic growth over the forecast period, which will contribute to slow long-term expansion in consumer incomes. In the near future, the rising cost of living is set to undermine French purchasing power and dampen…

The digitalisation and expansion of high-tech industries in South Korea are poised to fuel consumer growth, surpassing the regional average. The rise of a burgeoning middle class and an expanding affluent consumer segment will serve as pillars for…

South Korea has witnessed population decline over the recent years, as number of childless households continue to increase. Generation X, aged 60-75 in 2040, will continue to hold its position as the most influential consumer segment. Older cohorts…

Turkish consumer income is predicted to increase at a faster rate than in Western Europe over the period to 2027, although starting from lower initial levels. Middle-aged consumers are set to earn the most, due to better jobs and multiple income…

In 2022, the Netherlands saw stable birth rates, but deaths exceeded births for the first time since 1900. Immigration, particularly from Ukraine, contributed to population growth. The housing crisis worsened due to increased demand, leading to a…