Income and Expenditure

Private label – retailers’ alternatives to brands – tend to benefit from inflation. However, despite record inflation in France, Germany and the UK, the market share of private label in the three countries remained broadly stable across FMCGs in…

The Danish population is expanding due to an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…

Portugal's per capita income will notably rise. Later Lifers will lead luxury spending. Despite a projected decrease in income inequality, it will remain high in global terms. Social class C will grow rapidly, while social class D remains dominant.…

In 2022, Sweden experienced population growth, driven by increased immigration, notably from Ukrainian citizens seeking refuge due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Millennials became the largest generational cohort, shaping consumer behaviour with…

By 2040, Spain’s consumer landscape is set to be dominated by childless households, as the fertility rate declines owing to the population continuing to age. Consumers continue to seek bargains, with almost half switching to private label in 2022.…