Eastern Europe

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regard to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

The commodities country overview provides comprehensive data on production, consumption and price trends in key commodities markets. The commodities overview in Russia covers production and consumption trends in agricultural commodities, energy…

The commodities country overview provides comprehensive data on production, consumption and price trends in key commodities markets. The commodities overview in Belarus covers production and consumption trends in agricultural commodities, energy…

The commodities country overview provides comprehensive data on production, consumption and price trends in key commodities markets. The commodities overview in Ukraine covers production and consumption trends in agricultural commodities, energy…

This report assesses the business environment in North Macedonia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

Poland’s strategic geographical position makes logistics and trade of key importance and a strength for the country, with exports accounting for a half of its GDP. Innovation is also a strength, with the budget for research and development as a…

This report assesses the business environment in Latvia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Lithuania, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Serbia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

Bulgaria continues to rank among the top third countries globally in the Index of Economic Freedom, supported by a low tax burden and good fiscal health. Bulgaria remains an attractive investment destination, recording a considerably increasing…

High investment and financial freedoms, a low tax burden, a good geographical location, and increasing potential for innovations have contributed to a favourable business environment in Hungary. However, the country’s government spending and fiscal…

This report assesses the business environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT…

This report assesses the business environment in Croatia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Slovakia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Slovenia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Georgia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

This report assesses the business environment in Estonia, focusing on the regulatory environment, stability of the financial system, FDI intake, labour market flexibility and skillset, trade openness, mobility infrastructure, ICT adoption and…

In 2022, the Czech Republic had a business-friendly environment, with efficient banking and a free trade policy, allowing for easy access to financing and few barriers to the import and export of goods and services. The country has a high FDI…

Romania ranks among the top third of countries globally in the Index of Economic Freedom, supported by a favourable tax system and low barriers to trade. In addition, a supportive business environment, advancing labour market regulations and…

The number of Poland's households will experience a slight increase over 2022-2027, with single-person households continuing to dominate. In 2022, household spending was notably affected by soaring inflation and rising interest rates, with a fifth of…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

In 2023, Romania's government increased the minimum wage in response to persistent inflationary pressures. Over 2022-2027, disposable income growth is expected to surpass Eastern European and EU averages, driven by sustained economic development.…

The number of households in Romania is predicted to decline slightly between 2022 and 2027, due primarily to a decrease in the overall population. However, the number of single person households is projected to increase over this period, driven by…

In 2022, income levels in Bulgaria ranked among the lowest in the Eastern Europe region, despite a notable increase in the minimum wage in both 2022 and 2023. The forecast for income growth in Bulgaria is sluggish, primarily due to ongoing economic…

The number of households is set to increase slightly in Hungary over 2022-2027, with single person remaining the dominant household type. In 2022, household spending was affected by inflation, which stood at 14.6%, elevating living costs. Household…

Income growth in Hungary is expected to lag behind the Eastern European average by 2027, given economic uncertainties, decreasing demand, and mounting inflationary pressures. Looking ahead, all income classes in Hungary are projected to decrease as a…

In the Czech Republic, gross income is expected to grow in real terms from 2022 to 2027. Late Lifers will dominate the top-income group, influencing luxury spending trends. Income inequality will increase but remain low by global standards. Social…

The number of households in Bulgaria is expected to slightly decrease from 2022 to 2027 driven by overall population decline. Meanwhile, single-person households will continue to be the most common type. In 2022, household spending was affected by a…

The number of households is set to increase moderately in the Czech Republic over 2022-2027, with single person remaining the dominant household type. In 2022 household spending was affected by inflation, which stood at 15.1% elevating living costs.…

The report examines the economic landscape of Bosnia and Herzegovina and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by private consumption, government…

The report examines the economic landscape of Georgia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by exports, private consumption, government…

The report examines the economic landscape of Croatia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by private consumption, government spending,…

The report examines the economic landscape of Estonia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy contracted in real terms in 2023, dragged down by exports, private consumption,…

The report examines the economic landscape of Latvia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy contracted in real terms in 2023, dragged down by exports, private consumption, government…

The report examines the economic landscape of Serbia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by exports, private consumption. However, global…

The report examines the economic landscape of Lithuania and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy contracted in real terms in 2023, dragged down by exports, private consumption.…

The report examines the economic landscape of North Macedonia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by exports, private consumption. However,…

The report examines the economic landscape of Slovakia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by exports, investments. However, global economic…

The report examines the economic landscape of Slovenia and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade and government finance. The economy expanded in real terms in 2023, driven by exports, private consumption, government…

The report examines the economic landscape of Bulgaria and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade, investments, and government finance. The economy in Bulgaria expanded in real terms in 2022, driven by private consumption…

The economic growth in the Czech Republic slowed down in real terms in 2022, due to decelerated private spending amid soaring inflation. Global economic slowdown, elevated inflationary pressures and tightening financial conditions are set to continue…

In 2023, Poland’s GDP growth slowed sharply to 0.1%, due to reduced household spending and public consumption amid the environment of surging inflation, despite a boost from increased capital formation and exports. The economy is predicted to rebound…

In 2023, Hungary’s economy contracted, hindered by sluggish consumption and investment, as well as high inflation. However, an economic recovery is expected in 2024, supported by rising foreign investment, lower commodity prices and improved…

In 2023, Romania’s GDP growth slowed to 2.0%, slightly below the Eastern European average, weighed down by elevated inflation and slowing private spending growth. However, economic growth is projected to accelerate in 2024, supported by the European…

The number of households is set to slightly decrease, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Croatia over 2023-2028. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is…

The number of households is set to slightly decrease, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Bosnia and Herzegovina over 2023-2028. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure…

The number of households is set to slightly decrease, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Latvia over 2023-2028. Single person households will remain the dominant household type and the fastest household expenditure growth is…

The number of households is set to slightly decrease, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Lithuania over 2023-2028. Single person households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is…

The number of households is set to increase slightly, while the average household size will shrink in Serbia over 2023-2028. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be…